Let me introduce you to the oldest synagogue in Kraków also called the Old Synagogue, possibly the most historical and intriguing place in Krakow, Poland. This unique place is not just another synagogue — it’s the oldest standing synagogue in Poland, boasting memorable events and a rich, colorful heritage.
As I said, it is locally known as Stara Synagoga, it holds the title of the oldest synagogue in Krakow. You may also hear it called the Alta Shul, which is its name in Yiddish. Let me say, this place isn’t just old, it’s steeped in history! It’s a 15th-century construction, and what’s more, it’s the oldest synagogue still standing in Poland. So you see, it’s quite a gem in Jewish architecture in Europe.
The Old Synagogue’s story begins at the cusp of the 15th and 16th centuries. That was when most of Krakow’s Jewish community was moving to the Kazimierz district. Unfortunately, a fire in 1557 resulted in the original brick and stone Gothic structure burning down. But hey, every cloud has a silver lining. A few years later, in 1570, with the blessings of King Sigismund Augustus, the temple was rebuilt.
The Origin of the Oldest Synagogue in Kraków
So, you’re wondering who played a part in the rebuilding? An Italian builder, Mateusz Gucci, brought a touch of the Renaissance to the reconstructed synagogue. Don’t get me wrong, he maintained the previous two-nave structure and cross-rib vault of the building. But, after the reconstruction, a hall for singers and a hall for women were introduced.
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Over the years, the building needed more repairs, and so in 1888 and then between 1904-1913, it went through some major restorations. It was during these periods that it took on a neo-Renaissance look. I think it’s worth noting that the area around the synagogue was also brought back to its 15th-century level, and a synagogue museum was set up.
The Synagogue’s Address in the Heart of Kazimierz
Right in the heart of Szeroka Street, the cultural hub of the Jewish community in Kazimierz, you’ll find the Old Synagogue. This place, known for the final concert of the Jewish Culture Festival, has a rich and tumultuous history. After Krakow Jews were blamed for a fire in 1494 and relcated to Kazimierz, this synagogue was erected. The original structure was fortified with eastern defensive walls.
Half a century later, a fire devastated the synagogue. But being there, you need to know that each disaster brought with it a rebirth. During the reconstruction, led by Florentine builder Matteo Gucci, two new additions were made – a hall for singers and another for women. Even after the modifications, the building retained its Gothic charm while incorporating Renaissance elements such as semicircular windows and Tuscan columns.
The synagogue, coupled with the adjacent house of the Community Board, became the nerve center for the Jewish community in Kazimierz. Over centuries, fires and wartime chaos caused destruction, but the synagogu stood resilient. Each time, it was restored and rebuilt. In 1923, the land around the synagogue was brought back to its original 15th-century level, and a quaint synagogue museum was established in the reconstructed rooms above the front vestibule.
Tales from the Past
The Old Synagogue, this historic place in Krakow, has witnessed some momentous occasions in Poland’s history. Picture this: it’s 1794, and Tadeusz Kościuszko stands within these very walls, rallying Jews to join in an insurrection. Fast forward to 1848, the Spring of Nations, and you’ll hear Rabbi Beer Meisels advocating for independence. And let’s not forget that the President of the Republic of Poland, Ignacy Mościcki, was greeted right here in 1927. You can still catch a glimpse of that time through the photos displayed in the synagogue’s exhibition.
It’s sad to think that this grand structure wasn’t spared the wrath of World War II. But, after the war, between 1955-1959, a major renovation breathed new life into the synagogue. It was during this time that the Jewish Religious Community passed on the baton to the Historical Museum of the City of Krakow (now known as the Museum of Krakow). From then on, the Old Synagogue has served as a window to the history and culture of Krakow’s Jewish community.
If you’re wondering about the synagogue’s interior, it is just as rich in history. The 16th-century stone aron ha-kodesh (an altar cupboard) with an elaborate finial is a sight to behold. I believe the barrel vault in the women’s room, complete with stucco decoration, is another sight you don’t want to miss.
Let me not forget to mention that the synagogue was also a witness to the tragic events of 1943, during the Nazi occupation. In front of the synagogue building, the Nazis executed 30 Poles. Today, a plaque commemorates the lives lost in this horrific crime.
Here is a table with some events that happened to the Old Synagogue in Krakow:
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 15th century | Built by Czech Jews who had immigrated to Poland6 |
| 1557 | Burnt down. |
| 1923 | Ground around the synagogue was lowered to its 15th century level and a small museum was established in the refurbished rooms of the front porch2 |
| 1939-1945 | Completely devastated and ransacked by the Germans during World War II. Its artwork and Jewish relics were looted. During the occupation, the synagogue was used as a warehouse. In 1943, 30 Polish hostages were executed at its wall. |
| 1956-1959 | Renovated by the government’s conservation office and reopened as a museum. |
A Living Museum
Now let’s step into the main prayer hall of the Old Synagogue. Here, you’ll get a chance to experience the cycle of the most significant holidays in the Jewish calendar. Imagine yourself there during Shabbat, the New Year, the Day of Reconciliation, Succumb, Hanukkah, Purim, and Pesach. You’ll learn about the rituals, the customs, the traditional clothes, and even the objects associated with these holidays.
For Jews, the Torah – a parchment scroll with the text of the Holy Bible, kept in an Ark on the eastern wall of every synagogue – is of utmost importance. Here, the exhibition displays the traditional utensils used to store the Scriptures and those used by the lector during readings.
In the former women’s room, there’s a fascinating presentation dedicated to private and family life. And I think it’s worth noting that the museum organizes temporary exhibitions in the synagogue, highlighting various aspects of Jewish life in Krakow. So if you’re ever in town, make sure you don’t miss out on this rich journey through time and culture.
A Glimpse into the Men’s Hall
Let’s step into the main hall of the Old Synagogue, where men traditionally gather for prayer. Here, you’ll gain insight into the most crucial holidays of the Jewish religious calendar. I’m talking about the likes of Shabbat, New Year’s Day, the Day of Reconciliation, Sukkah, Hanukkah, Purim, and Pesach. But what truly holds the room’s reverence is the Torah – a parchment scroll with the text of the Holy Bible. In the Old Synagogue in Krakow, it is the centerpiece of worship.
Step into the Women’s Hall
Next, we move to the former southern women’s room. This place hosts an exhibition that feels like a warm invitation into a Jewish family home. Here, you’ll discover exhibits that reflect the observance of traditional dietary regulations, daily prayers, and the life cycle of an individual. It’s truly a wonderful insight into the rituals and routines of a Jewish home.
When to Visit and Other Useful Info
If you want to experience this cultural and historical journey, here’s what you need to know:
- Open hours: Monday from 10:00 am to 2:00 pm, and Tuesday to Sunday from 10:00 am to 6:00 pm.
- The best part? Admission is free on Mondays!
- Tickets: Regular price is PLN 18, reduced is PLN 14, and family tickets are PLN 36. There’s also a 50% discount with the Large Family Card.
- For the most current visiting hours and ticket prices, check out: https://muzeumkrakowa.pl/branches/old-synagogue.
And where will you find this historic treasure?
Address:
Old Synagogue – MHMK,
ul. Szeroka 24, Krakow,
Phone: 12/ 422-09-62, 431-05-45.
Coordinates: 50°3’5N, 19°56’55E
I can tell you, this trip to the heart of Krakow’s Jewish history is definitely worth it. You will learn, you will feel, and you will remember this visit. So if you’re ever in town, don’t forget to drop by!
Reference:
- https://www.muzeumkrakowa.pl/oddzialy/stara-synagoga
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Krak%C3%B3w)
- https://muzeumkrakowa.pl/en/branches/old-synagogue
- https://www.introducingkrakow.com/old-synagogue
